tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44537577251819501162024-02-20T17:58:10.383-08:00VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN BASIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIACompetence in any curricular especially vocational technical, is suppose to be ‘knowing’ how to do with knowledge and awareness regarding the impact of that doingMa'aji Caleb Zonkwahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09124133367031269703noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4453757725181950116.post-18666748673525044242011-09-22T08:36:00.000-07:002014-12-05T23:39:47.087-08:00There is the need of Government of Nigeria to restructure, create avenue where primary, post-primary and tertiary level of education purely for vocational technical education be made<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<strong>STRUCTURING EFFECTIVE VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL </strong><strong><span style="mso-font-width: 80%;">EDUCATION AT THE PRIMARY AND POST PRIMARY LEVEL OF </span>EDUCATION</strong> </div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><strong>MA'AJI CALEB ZONKWA.</strong></span></div>
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METHODOLOGY IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION 2001</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">FACULTY OF EDUCATION</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">DEPARTMENT OF VOCATIONAL TEACHERS EDUCATION</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">NSUKKA.</span></div>
<strong>INTRODUCTION </strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The general rule observed in Nigeria educational policies </span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">progress report of Northern Nigeria 1952; Review of Educational system in Eastern Nigeria, 1962; The Taiwo committee, 1968; Recommendation of the 1969, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><strong>National curriculum conference; Nigeria constitution 1978 CHAPTER II, Item 12; National policy on education 1981, the colloquium on black</strong></span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><strong>civilization and education, FESTAC 1977) </strong></span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">is that all attempts at curriculum development have to start of a more functional processes in terms of the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">needs of the child and the community i.e. to start by accepting the challenges </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of competence training at primary school level.</span><br />
Weighting the present curriculum and syllabuses of primary </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">school education </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">in the country. It is being observed that, there has not been </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">sufficient consensus, or enough experience to arrive at {a definition of} the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">concept of Vocational Technical Education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Similarly, concept of competence or at its implementation in practice {of Vocational Technical Education} at post primary has not reach a sufficient </span></span>consensus by scholars and government <em>{Report on Technical college organization for Nigeria,. 2n<sup>d</sup> April 1949; Report of the Federal advisory Committee on Technical Education and Industrial Training, 1957; National</em><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></span> <em>Policy on Education 1973, 1981 and 1998) </em>colloquium on black civilization <span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">and education {1977:109-110}, Nwachukwu {2001:16-17}, Okorie </span>{200128.33}, Okeke {1994:128-129}.<em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></em></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Information from many </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">countries { </span>Amadio 2000} shows a broad definition</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of what vocational Technical Education is and their structure. They </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">concentrated the Educational funds for competence and they defined competence and conceiving it as :-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;"><em>(a) knowing how to do with knowledge and</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-width: 80%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(b) awareness regarding the impact of that doing (Ma 'ail 1984:13-25).</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Another way of expressing competence as in Nwachukwu (2001) Oeser (1972: 26-27) is an internalized </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">procedure <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Methodology) </i></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">which is being constantly revised and perfected, and which is aimed at solving problem, while assuming responsibility for the consequence.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><strong>COMPETENCE FOR EFECTIVE VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION AT PRIMARY AND POST-PRIMARY</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 15.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">If competence is conceiving it as knowing how to do with </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">knowledge and awareness regarding impacts of that doing; presenting and accessing their ideal of the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">above mention competence as found in Okoro (2000) Okorie</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(2001) Nwachukwu (2001) Harbour- Peter (1999) Grace (1994) and Nworgu (1992). It is not proper </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">at this point, to explore the style of structuring, which will be apt for such competence. But merely to underline the need of accessing it in two ways to:-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">personal capacities and</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the socio- </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">cultural background and activity of those who are being trained and re-trained.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The aim of '1' above, should be for schools intended for adolescents</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">and young people to train there :</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">'a' cognitive,</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">'b' if </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">affective and ethical,</span><br />
'c' <span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">interactive and practical capacities all at one and the same </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.45pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">time.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Simply, the children and young Adult should be thought simultaneously in `a’ ‘b' and 'c' </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">to :</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 65%;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Know</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.6pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Learn</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Be</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iv)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Live </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">together and</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(v)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">To do.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 16.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">B. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">Therefore as; at 2</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 115%;"> </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">above, it is being </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">suggested <span style="mso-font-width: 75%;">that schools </span>should be able</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> to situate these </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">contents within the context of areas in which:-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>'a'<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Social,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">'b'<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Natural,</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">'c'<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Scientific and Technological, symbolic aspects of 'A' above predominate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">PEDAGOGICES FOR EFFECTIVES </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION AT PRIMARY AND POST-PRIMARY SCHOOL</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Dozens of studies have shown that the home environment has the powerful </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">effects on what children and the youth learn within and outside school. This </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">environment is considerably </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">more powerful than the parent's income and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">education in influencing what children learn in the first six years of life </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">during the twelve years of primary and secondary education. Walberg and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Paik (2000:7), Grace (1994). Recently genetic factors are inclusively being </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">considered and observed to predominate all other factors. Umeano {1999:31-33} Harrisons (1980:293-325</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">Therefore the pedagogic underlining the preference for competen</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ce as the</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">starting point</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;"> and object of the curriculum is </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">that these very competence can </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">be inculcated according to different :-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">contents, Grace (1994)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Methodologies, Oeser (1971) Nwachukwu (2001) and Grace (1994)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Institutional Models, {Grace 1994; Okoro 1991; and </span><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Nwachukwu 2001:94-103; Ezeji 2001}</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">Though within a given spectrum </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of characteristics as mentioned by </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Harbour-Peter (1992).</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The introduction of competence- oriented curricula should enable them, for instance, to select contents and activities that would allow them to</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(a) further develop certain aptitude or</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(b) delve deeper into topics that attract their interest.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Critically, in a serious term education should continue to ensure the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">transmission of Adult culture to the younger generation, but developing other method of learning with useful cultures of youths without claiming the </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 70%;">teaching of everyt</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">hing to everyone as practice in the traditional </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">school system today, in most Nigerian schools.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">STRUCTURING THE CURRICULUM </span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 1.9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">There are at least five economics trends presently occurring worldwide </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 1.9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">which are also evidently appearing in the Nigerian scene and they are</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 1.9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:-I.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">reduction in employment opportunities; it is not <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>available; but it is necessary for basic requirement <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of society.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt; mso-font-width: 75%;"></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.7pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">{</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.7pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">The meaning </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.7pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">of this is that pupils emerging from the</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.7pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;"></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 65%;">educational process are increasly being king </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 80%;">delayed into the labour market </span></i><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>growth of jobs available in the service sector than <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">agricultural </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>industrial sectors.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">growth of informal than formal employment</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">rapid changes taking place in job profile particularly specific skills.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">changing scale on which the working lives of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">individuals are conducted in practice.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">[This is because workers have the possibilities of migrating from one country </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">to </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">another to find a better fit with the requirement and availability of their interrelated capacities and opportunities).</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The worsening of social inequalities according to a number of authors, is the starting point in life especially at the primary level, which should </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">increasingly be seen in our societies today as the determining factor in an </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">individual’s sub-sequence career, Okoro (1991) Grace (1994) Okorie (2001) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">UNESCO (1998) Oke (1990) Ezeji(2001:138</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 21.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 55%;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1441. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The combination of a solid general education with humanistic, scientific, technological and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">context-related components would among others the only possible </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">alternative allowing young people to have access to the types of jobs that </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 70%;">will </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">endure </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">arid for the performance of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">which they will need to know </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">both </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">how to think and how to do, Ma'aji (2000). The combination would also enable the young people to learn how to think better and do better. If vocationally Technical Education is well articulated in the primary and post </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">primary.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In view of current challenges, there seem to be a need to offer radical </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">changes in teaching and learning </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">methodologies (Nwachukwu 20010 that still adhere too closely to repetitive verbal traditions. Once the desirability of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">adopting the need for different curriculum frame works that areas flexible but at the same time rich, (Grace 1994). According to Grace (1994) and Harbour- Peter (1992); A rich curriculum seem to be that one </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">which guide the teachers through the daily educational </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">routine with respect to a great variety that affect the quality of learning achieved with students in </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">different schools, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 20.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 65%;">- </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">it is a frame </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 20.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 65%;">- </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">work that refers not only to:</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;"></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">what has to be taught, but</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Also what for</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Why, when,</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">d. Where and to</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">e. Whom.</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">They also mentioned a flexible curriculum frame work is understood as one</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">that can admit variation according to the characteristics of the individual establishment in which it is being implemented. Then alternative ways must </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">be found of promoting teaching and learning methodologies </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">different from </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">those in the past , moving away from standardized, prescriptive approach in class room work<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> (Nwachuku 2001). </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Such standardized, prescriptive approaches assume that educational theories need to be enshrined in state policies. At present some curriculum materials for it universal Basic education (UBE) and the junior secondary school with some strategies for their implementation, subscribed to modern hegemonic <span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">theories especially constructivism. This is so for lack of freedom to adopt and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">create methodologies that will be better suited to individual’s </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">situations and groups of students. </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><strong>CONCLUSION</strong> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">All attempts at curriculum development in Nigeria, is to start functional </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">learning processes of the primary level of education.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">Experience in defining what Technical and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">vocational education is, in </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">addition to also address </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">its position in Nigeria educational curriculum for primary and post-primary is yet to reach a consensus between Government and scholars.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;"></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-width: 80%;">Competence in any curricular </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">is suppose </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-width: 80%;">to be ‘knowing’ how </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">to do with knowledge and awareness regarding the impact of that doing. These seems to depend on the environments that will effects the competency required of a primary or a post primary pupils in technical and vocational education as we have deduced in text. Also, genetic consideration is made especially in physical abilities of pupils. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Therefore it is being observed, for effective Technical and Vocational education in primary and post-primary education: for the pupils to have a concrete </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">functional skill. There is the need of Government of Nigeria </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">to restructure, create avenue where primary, post</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 65%;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">primary and tertiary level of </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">education purely for vocational technical education be made. These to</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> address education that will better suit the individual situation and groups of students as explained in the text.</span><br />
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<strong>REFERENCES</strong><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Aiidii, M </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">{2002} Edith. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 85%;">"World Dana on </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Education" </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Geneva: UNESCO. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Passim,</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ezeji, S.C.O.A. {2001} "</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Guidance and counseling in education" </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Nsukka: Chulbson International Press. Pp 138-144.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Grace, C.0 {1994} </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">"Curriculum Theory and planning": </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Uni-World Education </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">publishers {Nig.) Ltd. Passim.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 15.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">'wail, AU. and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Mveng, E. {1977}Edith. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Colloquium on black civilization onEducation". </i>World black and African </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Festival of Arts and Culture; Proceedings vol.1 Lagos; FMGN. Passim.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Harbour-Peters, V.F. Ajoke (1992) </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">"Abascus" </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The journal of the</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Mathematical Association of Nigeria. Vol.23 No.1 1993 pp67-69.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Harbour-Peters, V.F. Ajoke 11999) "</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Note Worthy points on measurement </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">& Evaluation" </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Enugu . printed by Snaap press Ltd.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Raison, T{1980} 9<sup>th</sup> Edition </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">"Principle of Internal Medicine" </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">McGraw-Hill Intematioal Book Company PP </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">293</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 19pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-width: 75%;">-</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">325.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ma'aji C.Z {1984} "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Demonstration as a Teaching Technique "</i></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Kaduna.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">State Ministry of Education Acc.No. 33 class 370.7 unpublished paper</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ma'aji C.Z {2000} " </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Science for Thinking, The science for Reasoning to pass Examination and use" </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Lead paper presented at workshop for Head of Departments </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">{ of Sciences and Technology} In </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">schools in ZONKWA ZONE, Ministry of Education Headquarters _ Unpublished paper.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">National Policy on Education (1998, 1981& 1973). Nigeria Constitution 11978) ChapterlI</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Report of the Federal Advisory committee on Technical Education and Industrial Training, 1957.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">UNESCO </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">19981<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">World Education Report" </i>Paris. UNESCO.</b></span></div>
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